在石油化工生產(chǎn)中，閥門作為流體控制的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，其性能直接影響工藝穩(wěn)定性與生產(chǎn)安全。從原料輸送至產(chǎn)品分離，不同工況對閥門提出多樣化需求。本文將系統(tǒng)解析石油化工行業(yè)常用閥門類型及其技術(shù)特性。

　　In petrochemical production, valves are key equipment for fluid control, and their performance directly affects process stability and production safety. From raw material transportation to product separation, different operating conditions pose diverse demands on valves. This article will systematically analyze the commonly used valve types and their technical characteristics in the petrochemical industry.

　　一、核心閥門類型與功能特性

　　1、 Core valve types and functional characteristics

　　截止閥

　　Globe valve

　　通過閥瓣垂直升降實(shí)現(xiàn)介質(zhì)通斷，其錐形密封面設(shè)計(jì)確保零泄漏性能。在催化裂化裝置中，高溫油品管線廣泛采用角式截止閥，可承受550℃介質(zhì)溫度。該閥種流阻系數(shù)達(dá)3-4，適用于需精準(zhǔn)調(diào)節(jié)流量的場景，如蒸餾塔回流控制。

　　The medium is connected and disconnected through the vertical lifting and lowering of the valve disc, and its conical sealing surface design ensures zero leakage performance. In catalytic cracking units, angle globe valves are widely used in high-temperature oil pipelines, which can withstand medium temperatures of 550 ℃. This valve has a flow resistance coefficient of 3-4 and is suitable for scenarios that require precise flow regulation, such as reflux control in distillation towers.

　　閘閥

　　Gate valve

　　以楔形閘板直線運(yùn)動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)全開全關(guān)，流阻系數(shù)低至0.1-0.2。在原油長輸管道中，DN1200大口徑閘閥可承受10MPa壓力，其雙向密封結(jié)構(gòu)適應(yīng)正反向介質(zhì)流動(dòng)。但需注意，部分開啟狀態(tài)易引發(fā)渦流，導(dǎo)致閥座磨損。

　　Fully open and fully close with wedge-shaped gate linear motion, with a flow resistance coefficient as low as 0.1-0.2. In long-distance crude oil pipelines, DN1200 large-diameter gate valves can withstand a pressure of 10MPa, and their bidirectional sealing structure is suitable for the flow of forward and reverse media. However, it should be noted that some open states can easily cause eddy currents, leading to valve seat wear.

　　球閥

　　Ball valve

　　通過90°旋轉(zhuǎn)球體控制通斷，金屬密封球閥在加氫裝置中可耐受2200psi氫氣環(huán)境。三偏心結(jié)構(gòu)球閥實(shí)現(xiàn)雙向零泄漏，在液化天然氣接收站，低溫球閥可穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行于-196℃工況，開關(guān)壽命達(dá)10萬次以上。

　　The metal sealed ball valve can withstand a 2200psi hydrogen environment in the hydrogenation unit by controlling the on/off of the ball through a 90 ° rotation. The three eccentric structure ball valve achieves bidirectional zero leakage. In liquefied natural gas receiving stations, low-temperature ball valves can operate stably at -196 ℃ and have a switch life of over 100000 times.

　　蝶閥

　　Butterfly valve

　　蝶板旋轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)節(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)流量控制，雙偏心結(jié)構(gòu)使密封面無摩擦啟閉。在聚丙烯裝置循環(huán)水系統(tǒng)，DN2000蝶閥流阻系數(shù)僅0.25，配合電動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)可實(shí)現(xiàn)±1%流量精度調(diào)節(jié)，但需注意軟密封材料耐溫極限。

　　Butterfly plate rotation adjustment achieves flow control, and the double eccentric structure ensures frictionless opening and closing of the sealing surface. In the circulating water system of the polypropylene plant, the flow resistance coefficient of the DN2000 butterfly valve is only 0.25, which can be adjusted with an electric actuator to achieve a flow accuracy of ± 1%. However, attention should be paid to the temperature resistance limit of the soft sealing material.

　　調(diào)節(jié)閥

　　Regulating valve

　　采用流開型閥芯設(shè)計(jì)，在乙烯裂解爐燃料氣控制中，多級降壓閥芯將氣蝕強(qiáng)度降低80%。智能型調(diào)節(jié)閥集成壓力補(bǔ)償功能，在精餾塔頂壓力控制中，可實(shí)現(xiàn)0.1%的設(shè)定值偏差。

　　Adopting a flow open valve core design, the multi-stage pressure reducing valve core reduces the cavitation intensity by 80% in the fuel gas control of the ethylene cracking furnace. The intelligent regulating valve integrates pressure compensation function, which can achieve a set value deviation of 0.1% in the top pressure control of the distillation tower.

　　安全閥

　　Safety valve

　　彈簧式安全閥在合成氨裝置中，通過熱態(tài)校驗(yàn)確保32MPa整定壓力精準(zhǔn)度。先導(dǎo)式安全閥在超高壓聚乙烯反應(yīng)器應(yīng)用，排放容量達(dá)2000kg/h，滿足API 527標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。

　　The spring type safety valve in the synthetic ammonia plant ensures the accuracy of the 32MPa set pressure through thermal calibration. Pilot operated safety valves are used in ultra-high pressure polyethylene reactors with a discharge capacity of 2000kg/h, meeting the requirements of API 527 standard.

　　止回閥

　　Check valve

　　旋啟式止回閥在往復(fù)壓縮機(jī)出口管道中，閥瓣自重設(shè)計(jì)確保0.5秒內(nèi)快速關(guān)閉，防止脈動(dòng)流倒灌。對夾式止回閥在消防水系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用，流阻系數(shù)低至0.5，優(yōu)于同規(guī)格閘閥。

　　The rotary check valve is located in the outlet pipeline of the reciprocating compressor, and the self weight design of the valve disc ensures rapid closure within 0.5 seconds to prevent pulsating flow backflow. The clamp type check valve is applied in the fire water system, with a flow resistance coefficient as low as 0.5, which is superior to gate valves of the same specification.

　　隔膜閥

　　Diaphragm valve

　　堰式隔膜閥在硫酸裝置中，PTFE隔膜耐蝕性能滿足98%濃硫酸工況。直通式結(jié)構(gòu)在醫(yī)藥中間體生產(chǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)CIP在線清洗，顆粒截留率達(dá)99.9%。

　　The PTFE diaphragm corrosion resistance of the weir type diaphragm valve in the sulfuric acid plant meets the requirements of 98% concentrated sulfuric acid conditions. The straight through structure is used in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates to achieve CIP online cleaning, with a particle retention rate of 99.9%.

　　二、特殊工況選型要點(diǎn)

　　2、 Key points for selecting special working conditions

　　高溫環(huán)境

　　High temperature environment

　　在催化重整裝置600℃工況，需選用鉻鉬鋼閥體配高溫填料。加熱爐燃料油管線采用波紋管密封截止閥，補(bǔ)償熱膨脹量達(dá)5mm。

　　In the catalytic reforming unit operating at 600 ℃, chromium molybdenum steel valve body with high-temperature packing should be selected. The fuel oil pipeline of the heating furnace adopts a bellows sealed shut-off valve, compensating for thermal expansion up to 5mm.

　　低溫工況

　　Low temperature working condition

　　LNG接收站-162℃環(huán)境，奧氏體不銹鋼閥體需經(jīng)深冷處理。延長閥蓋設(shè)計(jì)防止填料凍結(jié)，某項(xiàng)目實(shí)測顯示，加長200mm閥蓋可使填料溫度維持在-40℃以上。

　　LNG receiving station -162 ℃ environment, austenitic stainless steel valve body needs to undergo cryogenic treatment. Extending the valve cover design to prevent the packing from freezing, a project test showed that extending the valve cover by 200mm can maintain the packing temperature above -40 ℃.

　　腐蝕介質(zhì)

　　Corrosive medium

　　在氯堿裝置鹽酸管線，采用哈氏合金C-276閥內(nèi)件，腐蝕速率低于0.025mm/年。PTFE襯里閥門在濕法磷酸裝置，經(jīng)12個(gè)月運(yùn)行未出現(xiàn)襯層剝離。

　　In the hydrochloric acid pipeline of the chlor alkali plant, Hastelloy C-276 valve internals are used, with a corrosion rate of less than 0.025mm/year. The PTFE lined valve in the wet process phosphoric acid plant has not experienced lining peeling after 12 months of operation.

　　固體顆粒

　　Solid particles

　　煤化工裝置氣化爐黑水系統(tǒng)，采用角型截止閥，閥瓣流道光潔度達(dá)Ra0.4。硬質(zhì)合金堆焊使閥座壽命延長至8000小時(shí)，較普通材質(zhì)提升5倍。

　　The black water system of the gasification furnace in the coal chemical plant adopts an angular globe valve with a valve disc flow channel smoothness of Ra0.4. Hard alloy overlay welding extends the lifespan of the valve seat to 8000 hours, which is 5 times longer than ordinary materials.

　　隨著數(shù)字孿生、預(yù)測性維護(hù)等技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，閥門正向智能化、服務(wù)化方向發(fā)展，為石化裝置安、穩(wěn)、長、滿、優(yōu)運(yùn)行提供關(guān)鍵保障。

　　With the application of digital twin, predictive maintenance and other technologies, valves are developing towards intelligence and service-oriented direction, providing key guarantees for the safe, stable, long, full and optimal operation of petrochemical plants.

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